Members Creativity Thread

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Skull reconstructions of Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis:


I gave it a keratinous sheath on it's nasals, based on the rugose surface of the bone in the nasal region, as suggested by the Dong et al.(1983) paper.
I think CV00215 is probably a subadult, with CV00216 (former holotype of Y. magnus) as an adult specimen. Their differences are likely ontogenic. Carrano et al.(2012) ran a phylogenetic analysis and found that Y. magnus was simply a synonym of Y. shangyouensis, and that their differences can be attributed to intraspecific variation.

Full-body skeletal reconstruction coming soon.

references/sources

Dong, 1978, "A new carnosaur from Yongchuan County, Sichuan Province"
Dong, 1983, "Dinosaurs from the Jurassic of Sichuan"

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Here are the full-body skeletals of Y. shangyouensis:

CV00215(subadult holotype)



CV00216(adult)



EDIT: Fixed feet

references/sources

Dong, 1978, "A new carnosaur from Yongchuan County, Sichuan Province"
Dong, 1983, "Dinosaurs from the Jurassic of Sichuan"
Sinraptor hepingensis skeletal diagrams
Theropod Database

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Amphicoelias altus skeletals:

AMNH 5764 (juvenile holotype)
Juvenile, you ask? Well, first, let me quote Woodruff and Foster, 2015:

"This analysis shall go one step further and suggest that the if the differences between the comparable elements of A. altus and A. fragillimus are indeed correct, then this is indicative of an ontogenetic trajectory (comparable to the ontogenetic vertebral changes documented by Woodruff and Fowler [2012]). Thus, the A. altus material represents an immature animal"

Secondly, the scapula and coracoid are totally unfused, in two completely separate pieces even.

The left and right limbs have been swapped, since the complete right femur would have been obscured in favor of the incomplete left femur otherwise.


AMNH 5777 ("Amphicoelias fragillimus" specimen)
IMO, A. fragillimus is just the adult of A. altus. Size is based on my best-fit attempt at fitting the "A. fragillimus" neural arch unto the A. altus holotype vertebra my attempt at an "A. fragillimus" vertebral reconstruction assuming that the preserved portion of the neural arch represented the full height of the structure minus the neural canal and the spine "head".

The dorsals are based on Supersaurus lourinhanensis (= Dinheirosaurus) and Diplodocus. The tail, neck, & missing portion of the scapulacoracoid are based on Supersaurus vivianae. Hindlimbs, pelvis, radius, feet, & skull are based on Diplodocus, while the humerus and the limb proportions are based on Tornieria. Sacrals are based on Apatosaurus. Gastralia was inferred from Jobaria, Diamantinasaurus, and diplodocoid gastralia from the Howe Quarry (morphotype D, Tschopp & Mateus, 2012).

This creature isn't a Diplodocus copy, it's known proportions are quite different going by the figures and measurements given by Osborn & Mook's 1921 paper. It turned out deeper-bodied and longer-legged than Carpenter's upscaled Diplodocus clone and most other depictions of the animal that I know of. This is largely due to it's relatively large pubis and it's proportionally long but slender limb bones.

references/sources

Osborn & Mook, 1921, "Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope"
Woodruff & Foster, 2015, "The fragile legacy of Amphicoelias fragillimus"
Carpenter, 2006, "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus"
Janensch, 1961, "Die Gliedmaszen und Gliedmaszengürtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten"
Hatcher, 1901, "Diplodocus (Marsh): it's osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton"
Lovelace & Hartman, 2007, "Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocoid phylogeny"
Bonaparte & Mateus, 1999, "A new diplodocid, Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis gen. et sp. nov, from the late Jurassic beds of Portugal"
Osborn & Granger, 1901, "Fore and hind limbs of sauropods from the Bone Cabin Quarry"
Tschopp & Mateus, 2015, "A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)"
Tschopp & Mateus, 2012, "Clavicles, interclavicles, gastralia, and sternal ribs in sauropod dinosaurs: new reports from Diplodocidae and their morphological, functional, and evolutionary implications"
Apatosaurus sacrum

[Deleted]

Updated my Spinosaurus skeletal reconstructions.

FSAC-KK 11888


IPHG 1912


MSNM v4047


I remade the tail since it was a bit wonky in my last version. I also tweaked some of the bones to match Ibrahim's measurements, the leg bones and the humerus to be exact.

I kept the same caudal count as the Ibrahim et al. model (55 from my count, although it's hard to count due to the terminal caudals being blurry) rather than forcing it down to 50 as I did last time. The tail is longer due to having to modify the anterior caudals to accommodate the neural spine.

I also smoothed away the M-curve since it was actually unjustified, as Jaime Headden pointed out to me. There literally is no good justification or argument for Ibrahim et al.'s M-shaped spine.


EDIT: Fixed the feet as well as minor fixes to scaling.


references/sources

Ibrahim, 2014, "Semiaquatic adaptations for a giant predatory dinosaur" + supplementary materials
Dal Sasso, 2005, "New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod Spinosaurus, with remarks on it's size and affinities"
Stromer, 1915, "Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromer in den Wüsten Ägyptens"
Headden, 2014, The Bite Stuff - The Outlaw Spinosaurus
Cau, 2016, Theropoda blog - Spinosaurus geometricus

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Yongjinglong skeletal remake, and 4th revision so far. Because why not.



It's basically a whole new skeletal, with nearly none of the previous carried over. The head proportions and the neck are now based on Saltasaurus.


references/sources

Li, L. G.; Li, D. Q.; You, H. L.; Dodson, P. (2014). "A New Titanosaurian Sauropod from the Hekou Group (Lower Cretaceous) of the Lanzhou-Minhe Basin, Gansu Province, China"
M. Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1977, "A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n. sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia"
Palaeocritti - Nemegtosaurus
Greg Paul, 2016, "The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs"
Some photos of a mounted Opisthocoelicaudia skeleton

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Rescaled the hindlimbs and hips of my Spinosaurus.

FSAC-KK 11888


IPHG 1912


MSNM v4047



references/sources

Ibrahim, 2014, "Semiaquatic adaptations for a giant predatory dinosaur" + supplementary materials
Dal Sasso, 2005, "New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod Spinosaurus, with remarks on it's size and affinities"
Stromer, 1915, "Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromer in den Wüsten Ägyptens"
Headden, 2014, The Bite Stuff - The Outlaw Spinosaurus
Cau, 2016, Theropoda blog - Spinosaurus geometricus

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Supersaurus (Dinheirosaurus) lourinhanensis skeletal:



Bones in light gray are those that either lack a good lateral view or aren't illustrated.


references/sources

Bonaparte & Mateus, 1999, "A new diplodocid, Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis gen. et sp. nov, from the late Jurassic beds of Portugal"
Mannion et al., 2012, "New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids"
Hatcher, 1901, "Diplodocus (Marsh): it's osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton"
Lovelace & Hartman, 2007, "Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocoid phylogeny"
Tschopp & Mateus, 2015, "A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)"
Tschopp & Mateus, 2012, "Clavicles, interclavicles, gastralia, and sternal ribs in sauropod dinosaurs: new reports from Diplodocidae and their morphological, functional, and evolutionary implications"

[Deleted]

Updated my Amphicoelias skeletals. Turns out the scapulacoracoid assigned by Osborn and Mook (1921) to A. altus may be that of a camarasaurid rather than Amphicoelias based on Tschopp and Mateus (2015). Thus, it needed a revision and the scapulacoracoids were replaced by Brontosaurus-based ones scaled based on the scapulacoracoid:femur length ratio present in Brontosaurus louisae specimen CM 3018. I also decided to have A. fragillimus split into it's own species once again after looking and comparing vertebrae and rereading Carpenter (2006), but that doesn't really affect the skeletal itself.

Amphicoelias altus AMNH 5764


Amphicoelias fragillimus AMNH 5777


references/sources

Osborn & Mook, 1921, "Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope"
Woodruff & Foster, 2015, "The fragile legacy of Amphicoelias fragillimus"
Carpenter, 2006, "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus"
Janensch, 1961, "Die Gliedmaszen und Gliedmaszengürtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten"
Hatcher, 1901, "Diplodocus (Marsh): it's osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton"
Lovelace & Hartman, 2007, "Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocoid phylogeny"
Bonaparte & Mateus, 1999, "A new diplodocid, Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis gen. et sp. nov, from the late Jurassic beds of Portugal"
Osborn & Granger, 1901, "Fore and hind limbs of sauropods from the Bone Cabin Quarry"
Tschopp & Mateus, 2015, "A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)"
Tschopp & Mateus, 2012, "Clavicles, interclavicles, gastralia, and sternal ribs in sauropod dinosaurs: new reports from Diplodocidae and their morphological, functional, and evolutionary implications"
Apatosaurus sacrum

[Deleted]

Dreadnoughtus skeletal update. Tweaked the pose and soft tissue envelope slightly, and fixed some crushing and erosion in the bone outlines.


references/sources

K. J. Lacovara, 2014, "A gigantic, exceptionally complete titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from southern Patagonia, Argentina" + supplementary material
Calvo, 2007, "A new Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem from Gondwana with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur"
Calvo, 2007, "Anatomy of Futalognkosaurus dukei[Calvo, Porfiri, Gonzales Riga & Kellner, 2007](Dinosauria, Titanosauridae) from the Neuquen Group(Late Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina"
Zaher, 2011, "A complete skull of an Early Cretaceous sauropod and the evolution of advanced titanosaurians"
B. J. Gonzales, 2016, "A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot"

[Deleted]

Updated Jonkeria skull and skeletal. The bones not preserved in the holotype are now grayed out, skull now more detailed, fixed layering issues with the axial column, redrew the pectoral girdle, and slight tweaks to flesh envelope.



references/sources

Boonstra, 1969, "The fauna of the Tapinocephalus Zone(Beaufort Beds of the Karoo)"
Broom, 1929, "On the carnivorous mammal-like reptiles of the family Titanosuchidae"

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Austrosaurus mckillopi skeletals:

It is restored as a saltasaurid based on advice from Nima Sassani, who did a thorough search of all the images of Austrosaurus material and similar-looking animals that could be found, and reached the conclusion that it is probably a saltasaurid, one closely related to Elaltitan. I have to say that this was the most challenging skeletal reconstruction I have worked on so far to date.

references/sources

Longman, 1933, "A new dinosaur from the Queensland Cretaceous"
Coombs & Molnar, 1981, "Sauropoda (Reptilia, Saurischia) from the Cretaceous of Queensland"
Hocknull et al., 2009, "New Mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian) dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia"
Powell, 2003, "Revision of South American titanosaurid dinosaurs: palaeobiological, palaeobiogeographical and phylogenetic aspects"
Salgado et al., 2005, "A new specimen of Neuquensaurus australis, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine titanosaur from north Patagonia"
Mannion & Otero, 2012, "A reappraisal of the Late Cretaceous Argentinean sauropod dinosaur Argyrosaurus superbus, with a description of a new titanosaur genus"
Poropat et al., 2014, "Revision of the sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae (Hocknull et al. 2009) from the mid-Cretaceous of Australia: Implications for Gondwanan titanosauriform dispersal"
Greg Paul, 2016, "The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs"
Asier Larramendi's Elaltitan

[Deleted]

Updated my Spinosaurus aegyptiacus skeletals to bring them up to my 2017 standards. Detailed the skull and fixed up the body-limb cross-scaling after triple-checking the measurements again, remade the cervical ribs, adjusted the neck flesh envelope, and fixed the randomly elongated atlas that I apparently gave IPHG 1912 and MSNM v4047 back in 2014 for some reason.

FSAC-KK 11888


IPHG 1912


MSNM v4047



references/sources

Ibrahim, 2014, "Semiaquatic adaptations for a giant predatory dinosaur" + supplementary materials
Dal Sasso, 2005, "New information on the skull of the enigmatic theropod Spinosaurus, with remarks on it's size and affinities"
Stromer, 1915, "Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromer in den Wüsten Ägyptens"
Headden, 2014, The Bite Stuff - The Outlaw Spinosaurus
Cau, 2016, Theropoda blog - Spinosaurus geometricus

[Deleted]

well the head seems a bit smaller than the original 2014 model but its better ^

[Deleted]

The head's the same proportional size, and the dentary:spine length ratios are about right, it's just the tail that decreases the head:body ratio quite a bit

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would that mean its not much bigger than the 7.56 tonne estimate if the tail and spine are just a bit bigger?

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The differences in overall absolute size comes from the cross-scaling of the skull elements. The head:presacral proportion are the same size overall.

[Deleted]

Updated Tapinocephalus skull and skeletal. Now with more skull detail and corrected a small issue with the layering of the caudals.




references/sources
Owen, 1876, "Descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the fossil reptilia of South Africa in the collection of the British Museum"
L. D. Boonstra, 1955, "The girdles and limbs of the South African Dinocephalia"
L. D. Boonstra, 1956, "The skull of Tapinocephalus and it's near relatives"
Gregory, William, 1926, "The skeleton of Moschops capensis, a dinocephalian reptile from the Permian of South Africa"